| |||||||
NUMBER | AUTHOR | SUBJECT | MILESTONE | COUNTRY | YEAR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
01 | open-channel flow | First to express the mean flow velocity in terms of channel roughness, hydraulic radius, and bed slope. | France | 1776 | |||
02 | Lagrange | unsteady flow | Developed the equation for relative celerity of small waves in open-channel flow. | France | 1788 | ||
03 | Dalton | evaporation | Developed the general formula for mass-transfer evaporation rate. | United Kingdom | 1802 | ||
04 | St. Venant | unsteady flow | Formulated the equations of unsteady flow in open channels. | France | 1848 | ||
05 | Mulvany | flood hydrology | Developed the concept of runoff concentration, which is the basis of the rational method. | Ireland | 1851 | ||
06 | Stokes | sedimentation | Formulated the terminal fall velocity of a particle in still water. | United Kingdom | 1851 | ||
07 | Darcy | groundwater flow | Developed the law of flow through porous media. | France | 1856 | ||
08 | Breton | unsteady flow | First to formulate the concept of flood wave celerity. | France | 1867 | ||
09 | Froude | open-channel flow | Formulated the dimensionless number which characterizes a flow regime as subcritical, critical, or supercritical. | United Kingdom | 1871 | ||
10 | Reynolds | open-channel flow | Formulated the dimensionless number which characterizes a flow regime as laminar, transitional, or turbulent flow. | United Kingdom | 1883 | ||
11 | Kuichling | flood hydrology | Developed the rational formula to calculate peak flow from small catchments. | USA | 1889 | ||
12 | Manning | open-channel flow | Expressed the mean flow velocity in terms of channel roughness, hydraulic radius (to the 2/3 power), and bed slope. | Ireland | 1891 | ||
13 | Seddon | flood wave celerity | Formulated the flood wave celerity as the slope of the discharge-stage rating divided by the stream's top width. | USA | 1900 | ||
14 | Green and Ampt | infiltration | Developed the first physically based model of infiltration. | Australia | 1911 | ||
15 | Bowen | evaporation | Expressed the ratio of sensible heat to latent heat in terms of climatological variables. | United Kingdom | 1926 | ||
16 | Courant, Friedrichs, and Lewy | computational hydraulics | Developed the numerical stability condition defined as the ratio of physical wave celerity to grid celerity. | Germany | 1928 | ||
17 | Pearson | flood frequency | Developed the widely used Log Pearson III method for flood frequency analysis. | United Kingdom | 1930 | ||
18 | Sherman | flood hydrology | Developed the unit hydrograph, a conceptual model to convert rainfall into runoff in midsize to large catchments. | USA | 1932 | ||
19 | Horton | infiltration | Formulated the conceptual model of infiltration rate in terms of an exponential decay. | USA | 1933 | ||
20 | Snyder | flood hydrology | Developed the first synthetic unit hydrograph. | USA | 1938 | ||
21 | McCarthy | flood routing | Developed the Muskingum method of flood routing. | USA | 1938 | ||
22 | Horton | overland flow | Formulated the conceptual model of overland flow. | USA | 1938 | ||
23 | Theis | groundwater flow | Formulated the Theis method for well hydraulics. | USA | 1940 | ||
24 | Kirpich | flood hydrology | Developed a formula for time of concentration based only on catchment slope and length. | USA | 1940 | ||
25 | Gumbel | flood frequency | Developed a widely used method for flood frequency analysis. | Germany/USA | 1941 | ||
26 | Creager, Justin, and Hinds | flood hydrology | Plotted flood peak per unit of drainage area as a function of drainage area, quantifying runoff diffusion for the first time. | USA | 1945 | ||
27 | Vedernikov | roll waves | Developed the criterion for the instability of free-surface flow. | Soviet Union | 1945 | ||
28 | Clark | flood routing | Routed the unit increment of effective rainfall, first through a time-area histogram, and then through a linear reservoir. | USA | 1945 | ||
29 | Izzard | overland flow | Formulated the conceptual model of overland flow under laminar flow conditions. | USA | 1946 | ||
30 | Penman | evaporation | Developed a formula for evaporation rate which weighs energy-budget and mass-transfer evaporation rates. | United Kingdom | 1948 | ||
31 | Thornthwaite | evaporation | Developed a formula for potential evapotranspiration based on mean monthly temperature and latitudinal data. | USA | 1948 | ||
32 | Blaney and Criddle | evaporation | Developed a formula for consumptive use of water by crops. | USA | 1950 | ||
33 | Hayami | flood routing | Pioneered the mathematical treatment of flood waves as diffusion waves, which led to the concept of channel hydraulic diffusivity. | Japan | 1951 | ||
34 | Craya | unsteady flow | Explained the Vedernikov criterion for roll wave formation, based on the Seddon celerity exceeding the Lagrange celerity. | France | 1945/ 1952 |
||
35 | Budyko and Drozdov | hydrologic cycle | Developed a conceptual model of a coupled land surface-atmosphere system, which substantially improved our understanding of the hydrologic cycle. | Soviet Union | 1953 | ||
36 | Mockus | hydrologic abstraction | Developed the NRCS runoff curve number method to abstract total rainfall into effective rainfall. | USA | 1954 | ||
37 | Lighthill and Whitham | unsteady flow | Formulated the mathematical theory of kinematic waves. | United Kingdom | 1955 | ||
38 | Mockus | flood hydrology | Developed the NRCS synthetic unit hydrograph. | USA | 1957 | ||
39 | Cooper and Rorabaugh | baseflow | Formulated the theory of baseflow recession in terms of physically based parameters. | USA | 1963 | ||
40 | Wooding | overland flow | Pioneered the calculation of overland flow with an open-book schematization. | New Zealand | 1965 | ||
41 | Monteith | evaporation | Improved the Penman formula by expressing the mass-transfer evaporation on a physical basis. | United Kingdom | 1966 | ||
42 | Woolhiser and Liggett | overland flow | Developed the criterion for the applicability of kinematic waves to overland flow in terms of the kinematic flow number. | USA | 1967 | ||
43 | Cunge | flood routing | Explained the Muskingum method in terms of the numerical diffusion of the discrete analog of the kinematic wave equation. | Poland/France | 1969 | ||
44 | Dooge | unsteady flow | Expressed the channel hydraulic diffusivity in terms of the Froude number, extending Hayami's diffusion analogy of flood waves to the realm of dynamic waves. | Ireland | 1973 | ||
45 | Shuttleworth and Wallace | evaporation | Developed an evaporation equation in terms of resistances associated with the plants, soil, and water. | United Kingdom | 1985 | ||
|
Documents in Portable Document Format (PDF) require Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0 or higher to view; download Adobe Acrobat Reader. |